[796] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. By mid-1928 he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms. [610] In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from MarxistLeninist doctrine. [614] In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. [714], Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. [7] His parents were Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze. [694] According to Sandle, Stalin was "committed to the creation of a society that was industrialised, collectivised, centrally planned and technologically advanced. [270] To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the "Foundations of Leninism", later published in book form. [422] The second Moscow Show Trial took place in January 1937,[423] and the third in March 1938, in which Bukharin and Rykov were accused of involvement in the alleged Trotskyite-Zinovievite terrorist plot and sentenced to death. The Communist International: Organ of the E.C.C.I. In 1921 Stalin helped plan the invasion of Georgia which was the source for his negative policies towards the country. [381], The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233;[382] between five and seven million people died. [41] At night, he attended secret workers' meetings[42] and was introduced to Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi ("Third Group"), a Georgian socialist group. [661] His body was embalmed,[662] and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. "[921] In a 2017 interview, Putin added that while "we should not forget the horrors of Stalinism", the excessive demonization of "Stalin is a means to attack [the] Soviet Union and Russia". [383] The worst affected areas were Ukraine and the North Caucasus, although the famine also affected Kazakhstan and several Russian provinces. [847] Yakov had a daughter, Galina, before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War. [797], Keenly interested in the arts,[798] Stalin admired artistic talent. [459] A week later, Germany invaded Poland, sparking the UK and France to declare war on Germany. [74] Georgia was particularly affected. Upon the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924, he established himself as the most powerful man in the Soviet Union. [877] Various biographers have described him as a dictator,[878] an autocrat,[879] or accused him of practising Caesarism. [856] After the Second World War, he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life. [519] In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday,[520] and in 1942, Time magazine named him "Man of the Year". What title was stalin given n 1922? [708], Stalinism was a development of Leninism,[709] and while Stalin avoided using the term "Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism", he allowed others to do so. [351] Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the (never completed) Palace of the Soviets. In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. [189], Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. [48] By this point, the empire's secret police, the Okhrana, were aware of Stalin's activities in Tiflis' revolutionary milieu. [139] According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work". [39] Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism,[40] which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. [230] Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. [778] He acknowledged that he could be rude and insulting,[779] but he rarely raised his voice in anger;[780] as his health deteriorated in later life he became increasingly unpredictable and bad-tempered. [915] Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. Mar 10, 2022. [94] He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held at the Brotherhood Church in London in MayJune 1907. [504] Comintern was dissolved in 1943,[505] and Stalin encouraged foreign MarxistLeninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal. What did Benito Juarez do with England and Spain? [888], McDermott nevertheless cautioned against "over-simplistic stereotypes"promoted in the fiction of writers like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and Anatoly Rybakovthat portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through repression and totalitarianism. Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. [772], Stalin could play different roles to different audiences,[773] and was adept at deception, often deceiving others as to his true motives and aims. [717] Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a "national character" but were not a "nation" and were thus unassimilable. [304] His growing influence was reflected in naming of various locations after him; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of Yuzovka became Stalino,[305] and in April 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of Mikhail Kalinin and Avel Enukidze. [568] It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. What title was Stalin given in 1922? The real motivation for the terror, according to Harris, was an excessive fear of counterrevolution. [760] In 1934, his new Kuntsevo Dacha was built; 9km from the Kremlin, it became his primary residence. [599] In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. (Sergei Bobylev/TASS/Getty Images . He is also responsible for one of the terrible purges in the history of the USSR that claimed millions of innocent lives. Although the term samizdat refers specifically to the Soviet period, most notably after the death of Stalin in 1953, unauthorised publishing has a long tradition in Russia. [899] Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution". [365], Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy. [865], The historian Robert Conquest stated that Stalin perhaps "determined the course of the twentieth century" more than any other individual. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.[308]. [136] The article was published under the pseudonym "K. Stalin",[139] a name he had used since 1912. [211] His use of state violence and terror was at a greater scale than most Bolshevik leaders approved of;[212] for instance, he ordered several villages to be torched to ensure compliance with his food procurement program. [230] Stalin had cautioned against this; he believed that nationalism would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. [51] He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. [549] These events led to the Japanese surrender and the war's end. [500] He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. [100] In August 1907, he attended the Seventh Congress of the Second International an international socialist organisation in Stuttgart, Germany. [809] Lenin was his favourite author but he also read, and sometimes appreciated, a great deal of writing by Leon Trotsky and other arch-enemies. 2011-10-26 00:38:39. [667] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. [140] Derived from the Russian word for steel (stal),[141] this has been translated as "Man of Steel";[142] Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. [301] Other important supporters on the Politburo were Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, and Sergo Ordzhonikidze,[302] with Stalin ensuring his allies ran the various state institutions. [278] Stalin also developed close relations with the trio at the heart of the secret police (first the Cheka and then its replacement, the State Political Directorate): Felix Dzerzhinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. [656] According to Svetlana, it had been "a difficult and terrible death". See answer (1) Best Answer. [ 2] Without providing a clear successor, he left the party in chaos and the in-fighting and division . [674], Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen,[678] and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life;[679] according to Kotkin, Stalin held "zealous Marxist convictions",[680] while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a "quasi-religious" value for Stalin. [312] Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach;[313] they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as "kulaks" and small business owners or "Nepmen". Some weeks after the controversy, the Patriarchate of Moscow forced Zhakov to remove the icon of Stalin from his parish. [62], Stalin left Batum in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. [160] There, Stalin and a fellow Bolshevik Lev Kamenev assumed control of Pravda,[161] and Stalin was appointed the Bolshevik representative to the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, an influential council of the city's workers. In 1922, Stalin was appointed to another such post, as General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee. [715] Ultimately he believed that all nations would merge into a single, global human community,[715] and regarded all nations as inherently equal. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (19221952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (19411953). [424] By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin. [528] Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a Western Front to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. After Stalin's death in 1953, he was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who subsequently denounced his rule and initiated the de-Stalinisation of Soviet society. He attracted a group of supporters through his classes in socialist theory[46] and co-organised a secret workers' mass meeting for May Day 1900,[47] at which he successfully encouraged many of the men to take strike action. [570] In the war's aftermath, some of Stalin's associates suggested modifications to government policy. [254], In May 1922, a massive stroke left Lenin partially paralysed. [435] These purges replaced most of the party's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin's leadership and who were regarded as more personally loyal to him. [391] The Soviet government believed that food supplies should be prioritised for the urban workforce;[392] for Stalin, the fate of Soviet industrialisation was far more important than the lives of the peasantry. [723] It has been argued that his ancestry was Ossetian, because his genetic haplotype (G2a-Z6653) is considered typical of the Ossetians, but he never acknowledged an Ossetian identity. [586], In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. [409] Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. [229] On 16 July, the Central Committee decided to take the war into Polish territory. [263] A compromise was reached, in which the federation would be renamed the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). (one of the Bolsheviks' key policy stances in 1917 was to give the land to . [101] In November 1907, his wife died of typhus,[102] and he left his son with her family in Tiflis. [469] The Soviets sought to forestall dissent in these new East European territories with mass repressions. [267], Lenin died in January 1924. [744] From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. of the Name "Stalin" ROBERT HIMMER* Iosif Djugashvili first used the pseudonym by which he became famous on December 1, 1912, when he signed an article in the Bolshe- . Lenin's Testament is a document dictated by Vladimir Lenin in late 1922 and early 1923. [743] By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian chokha or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. [612] It was aimed at establishing economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc. [245] In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. [894] Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. [890] Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. [192] He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary[193] and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. [572] Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. [515] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. [227] On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine, on the Southwest Front. [595] In the testament, Lenin proposed changes to the structure of the Soviet governing bodies. Of Moscow forced Zhakov to remove the icon of Stalin 's most famous ''... 51 ] he attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held at St George the Martyr, Holborn London... 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