. I have never had but one allegiance I cannot divide it now. For better or worse, his grandfathers and Alice Roosevelt Longworths fathers large policy had come full circle. Mass.). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. When will it end? The article concerning mandatories, for example, contains an argument and a statement of existing conditions. In his first term, before Pearl Harbor, the younger Lodge opposed the pro-Allies policies of another president named Roosevelt, a Democrat who was married to Theodore Roosevelts niece, but in his second term he became a model bipartisan senator who vigorously supported the United Nations, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan and NATO. He knew well that human nature had not changed fundamentally since mankind had a history. He found most objectionable US participation in the League of Nations. The landslide election of Republican Warren G. Harding in 1920 was considered a vindication of the Lodge position, and with enhanced prestige he went on to serve as one of four U.S. delegates to the Washington Conference on the Limitation of Armaments (1921). Lodge was equally concerned that the draft seemed to give the League jurisdiction over immigration matters. The suggestion that we can safely sign because we can always violate or abrogate is fatal not only to any league but to peace itself. Washingtons entire honesty of mind and his fearless look into the face of all facts are qualities which can never go out of fashion and which we should all do well to imitate. When we went to war with Germany we made no treaties with the nations engaged in the war against the German Government. February 28, 1919. We are sustained solely by you. Our ideal is to make her ever stronger and better and finer, because in that way alone, as we believe, can she be of the greatest service to the world's peace and to the welfare of mankind. But none the less is there any country today on the face of the earth which can compare with this in ordered liberty, in peace, and in the largest freedom? Mass.). Congress ultimately declared the end of the war in a joint resolution adopted on July 2, 1921. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. He began with the impassioned argument that the document repudiated George Washington's September 17, 1796, Farewell Address and the Monroe Doctrine, two sacred canons of American foreign policy. "The inquiry has been so enduring," historian Herbert F. Margulies has observed, "that the story of the League's rejection has entered folklore and become almost mythological, with President Woodrow Wilson and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge the larger-than-life protagonists. Strong, generous, and confident, she has nobly served mankind. Here are some tips. Our mission and operation budgets are not financed by any political or special interest groups, and to protect our editorial integrity, we accept no advertising. Our first ideal is our country, and we see her in the future, as in the past, giving service to all her people and to the world. . Information provided by the Senate Historical Office. He had his committee conduct lengthy public hearings, which offered a sounding board for critics and opponents of the treaty and the league. In his tr, Art- So in summary are you proposing the academic, I once met Kathleen Turner at my supermarket. He emphasized that he had never engaged in corruption or self-dealing. We provide solid conservative perspective on the most important issues, including analysis, opinion columns, headline summaries, memes, cartoons and much more. At Milestone Documents, we believe that engaging with history's original voices is exciting for students and . Republican Congressman from Massachusetts Henry Cabot Lodge led a battle against the treaty. The Patriot Post is steadfast in our mission to extend the endowment of Liberty to the next generation by advocating for individual rights and responsibilities, supporting the restoration of constitutional limits on government and the judiciary, and promoting free enterprise, national defense and traditional American values. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as beauty pie dupes Contact | The Lodge family saga in American foreign policy had a final chapter. Citation Information. The language only too frequently is not the language of laws or statues. Copyright 2023 The Patriot Post. She has great problems of her own to solve, very grim and perilous problems, and a right solution, if we can attain to it, would largely benefit mankind. Yet many did not remain thus firm; the confidence in the commander-in-chief became gradually weakened; the mine was prepared and on the point of explosion. The Fourteen Points Speech - Woodrow Wilson 2017-06-17 This Squid Ink Classic includes the full text of the work plus MLA style citations for scholarly secondary sources, peer-reviewed journal articles and critical essays for when your teacher requires extra resources in MLA format for your research paper. How was this position supported or contradicted by the rationale for Americas involvement in World War I. ", Nation's Forum Collection (Library of Congress) - Lodge, Henry Cabot - A.F.R. Partisan differences and personal rivalry had long strained Wilson's relationship with the powerful and opinionated Massachusetts senator, but the intensely nationalistic Lodge and most of his fellow Republicans had supported the president throughout the war. I have seen it said that the Monroe doctrine is preserved under article 10 [calling for a collective security agreement among League members]; that we do not abandon the Monroe doctrine, we merely extend it to all the world. Look at the United States today. The treaty was defeated in the Senate, and the onus of rejection fell on the Wilsonians. First published, in 1898, in 2 vols. I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first, and when I think of the United States first in an arrangement like this, I am thinking of what is best for the world for if the United States fails, the best hopes of mankind fail with it. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/09031456/. 2. We have had shortcomings. Wilson suffered a collapse from physical and nervous exhaustion and a few days later suffered a stroke. This is all the more essential because it is evident, although not expressly stated, that this league is intended to be indissoluble, for there is no provision for its termination or for the withdrawal of any signatory. American - Politician May 12, 1850 - November 9, 1924. ", Turning to the specific provisions of the proposed draft, Lodge argued that the provision guaranteeing the independence and territorial integrity of all members was particularly troubling. Why did Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and other Republicans view it as a threat to American sovereignty [power]? I have always loved one flag and I cannot share that devotion [with] a mongrel banner created for a League. I have loved but one flag and I cannot share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league. Rich Lowry Lodge died in November 1924, nine months after Wilson and five days after Coolidges election victory. As the powerful leader of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he emerged as the pivotal figure in the protracted debate over the League. They pass with the moment of effect and are shabby and tawdry in the daylight. We recommend installing the latest version of Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, or Google Chrome. A painting of US Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, a Republican who was the Senate Majority Leader and opposed America's entry into the League of Nations, via the Liberty Fund Network Getting the Senate to ratify, or formally accept by majority, the Treaty of Versailles would be a difficult task. He explained this position in an August 1919 speech in Washington: The independence of the United States is not only more precious to ourselves but to the world. It has been our cherished guide and guard for nearly a century. But visions are one thing and visionaries are another, and the mechanical appliances of the rhetorician designed to give a picture of a present which does not exist and of a future which no man can predict are as unreal and short-lived as the steam or canvas clouds, the angels suspended on wires and the artificial lights of the stage. Contact Us looks behind the scenes at some of the most shocking and horrific things going on here in America starting with the daytime assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the implications it serves up to the citizens of a "free country." The author, Pamela Ray, along with James Files, former CIA/Mob hit man, the infamous "grassy knoll shooter" explore the truths behind some basic . I now come to questions of substance, which seem to me to demand the most careful thought of the entire American people, and particularly of those charged with the responsibility of ratification. Arguments and historical facts have no place in a statute or a treaty. Twelve years after the senior Lodges death, his namesake grandson, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., whom he had helped to raise from childhood, likewise filled a Senate seat from Massachusetts. That is the vital principle of the doctrine. However, it is also possible that Lodge changed his position for political purposes. He enjoyed some moments in the limelight he delivered the keynote speech at the 1920 Republican . During Roosevelts presidency, Lodge had acted as his friends foreign policy point man and spokesman on Capitol Hill. I doubt if any purely political declaration has ever been observed by any people for so long a time. Please help us continue to extend Liberty to the next generation and support the 2023 Patriots' Day Campaign today. Here is a speech he gave in the Senate on August 12, 1919 in which he summarized his opposition: Mr. President: Our entry in the great war just closed was entirely in accord with and violated in no respect the policy laid down by Washington. Hewes, James E. Jr. (August 20, 1970). Perhaps the time has come when it is necessary to do this, but it is a very grave step, and I wish now merely to point out that the American people ought never to abandon the Washington policy and the Monroe doctrine without being perfectly certain that they earnestly wish to do so. United States the Supreme Court ruled. There is no court to fulfill the function which our Supreme Court fulfills. That was not to be. With the entrance of the United States into World War I (1917), he called for united support of the war effort. Courtesy of Library of Congress, 2022 Iowa Department of Cultural Affairs. One possibility is that Lodge saw the issue differently over the four-year gap in time. All rights reserved. We would not have our politics distracted and embittered by the dissensions of other lands. National I must remain, and in that way I like all other Americans can render the amplest service to the world. ", The remainder of the speech was a litany of questions, objections, and requests for information, and a ringing plea: "We must bring our men back from France . This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Cabot-Lodge-United-States-senator-1850-1924, 1914-1918 online - International Encyclopedia of the First World War - Biography of Henry Cabot Lodge, FirstWorldWar.com - Biography of Henry Cabot Lodge, Henry Cabot Lodge - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). I feel that I can say this without being accused of undue boastfulness, for it is the simple fact, and in making this treaty and taking on these obligations all that we do is in a spirit of unselfishness and in a desire for the good of mankind. (Close Reading) What reasons does Senator Norris give for opposing the Treaty of Versailles. Beware how you trifle with your marvelous inheritance, this great land of ordered liberty, for if we stumble and fall freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin. Johnson was likely referring to immigration, and the data in document C supports this because all of the Southern Senators who are Democrats support joining the Treaty, which would change immigration rules and decisions on who gets to work there. 90 Day Studies (2010 - 2016) Relevancy of of Commoner Work; The Constitution; Of Amendments; Classics that Inspired Constitution; Executive Branch Overreach For we, too, have our ideals, even if we differ from those who have tried to establish a monopoly of idealism. Henry Cabot Lodge Quotes - BrainyQuote. Wilson likewise rejected any compromise efforts, calling Lodge and the reservationists nullifiers. That word, which harked back to John C. Calhoun and the slaveholding South, was sure to draw blood from Republicans just a little over half a century after the Civil War. DeSantis Is Not Dead Yet, Stephen Moore He was so great a man that the fact that this country had produced him was enough of itself to justify the Revolution and our existence as a Nation. League of Nations Speech by Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. Therefore, before we ratify, the terms and language in which the terms are stated must be exact and precise, as free from any possibility of conflicting interpretations, as it is possible to make them. Oddly, the partys de facto guest of honor was the Senates reservationist in chief, Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the Republican leader and chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. To whatever instrument the United States sets its hand it must carry out the provisions of that instrument to the last jot and tittle, and observe it absolutely both in letter and in spirit. No doubt many excellent and patriotic people see a coming fulfilment of noble ideals in the words league for peace. We all respect and share these aspirations and desires, but some of us see no hope, but rather defeat, for them in this murky covenant. In all the vital questions with which he dealt it was not merely that he thought of his country first and never thought of himself at all. In a major speech before the legislature voted, Lodge took pride in his long selfless service to the state. Not so coincidentally, Lodge had 14 reservations about the draft the same number as Wilsons January 1918 statement of war aims, the Fourteen Points. In the speech, Lodge voices his opposition to joining the League of Nations. But he barely won re-election in 1922, and he found himself shunted aside from a leadership role among Massachusetts Republicans. To say that it is a question of protecting the boundaries, the political integrity, or the American States, is not to state the Monroe doctrine.The real essence of that doctrine is that American questions shall be settled by Americans alone; that the Americas shall be separated from Europe in purely American questions. Privacy Policy | Moreover, he was destitute of any personal ambitions to a degree never equaled by any other very great man known to us. Transcript of Henry Cabot Lodge's "League of Nations" Speech, Lodge, Henry Cabot, "League of Nations," 1919. For more information, visit Alpha History or our Terms of Use. Email a Senate historian. Speeches and Addresses, -1909. They pass with the moment of effect and are shabby and tawdry in the daylight. (Contextualization) Why might Lodge's argument be different in 1919 (Document A) than it was in 1915 (Document B) range of possibilities for Lodge's apparent change of heart on a league of nations. We shall make mistakes in the future and fall short of our own best hopes. Less than a week later, Lodge offered a resolution signed by thirty-nine Republican senators, more than the one-third of the Senate necessary to defeat the treaty, declaring that the Leagueunacceptable "in the form 'now proposed"should be considered separately from the peace settlement and only after the conclusion of the treaty. President Woodrow Wilson had urged the Senate to approve the treaty. Regulatory Octopus Is Strangling Our Economy, Gary Bauer Lodge honored the president's request that the committee refrain from public comment on the matter and was outraged to learn that Wilson intended to deliver a public address in Boston to muster public support for the League immediately upon his arrival. The White House, at the direction of his wife, Edith, issued misleading reports that the president was suffering from nervous exhaustion and would soon recover. He found most objectionable US participation in the League of Nations. We all respect and share these aspirations and desires, but some of us see no hope, but rather defeat, for them in this murky covenant. This echoes the concerns that Lodge raised about American forces being deployed at the request of the League of Nations. Animated by the conviction that he would "follow no man and vote for no measures which, however well intended, seem in my best judgement to lead to dissensions rather than to harmony among the nations or to injury, peril, or injustice to my country," and his insistence that the Senate, "which is charged with responsibility . The United States is the worlds best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good and endanger her very existence. A better sense of how senators stood on the basic question of approving the treaty and league in some form came on a procedural measure to complete the debate. Post equitem sedet atra cura, Horace tells us, but no blacker care ever sat behind any rider than we shall find in this covenant of doubtful and disputed interpretation as it now perches upon the treaty of peace. I doubt if any purely political declaration has ever been observed by any people for so long a time. . And by we, I mean the irreconcilables, who were against any League, no matter how safeguarded with reservations.. But none the less is there any country today on the face of the earth which can compare with this in ordered liberty, in peace, and in the largest freedom? Lodges reservation, as an amendment to the treaty, would require majority approval in both houses of Congress to authorize participation in any collective response by the league. Henry Cabot Lodge, August 12, 1919 (Modified) Mr. President: I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first. We would not have our country's vigor exhausted or her moral force abated, by everlasting meddling and muddling in every quarrel, great and small, which afflicts the world. If you extend it to all the world, it ceases to exist, because it rests on nothing but the differentiation of the American Hemisphere from the rest of the world. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. It is worse than idle, it is not honest, to evade or deny this fact, and every fairminded supporter of this draft plan for a league admits it. . Coolidge was the second vice president to ascend to the presidency and then win a full term. On Mar. Still, those reservations were enough to deadlock debate on the treaty, blocking Senate approval. I know that some of the ardent advocates of the plan submitted to us regard any suggestion of the importance of the Washington policy as foolish and irrelevant. The Monroe doctrine exists solely for the protection of the American Hemisphere, and to that hemisphere it was limited. We have made mistakes in the past. I fear that the hearts of the vast majority of mankind would beat on strongly and steadily and without any quickening if the league were to perish altogether No doubt many excellent and patriotic people see a coming fulfilment of noble ideals in the words league for peace. We all respect and share these aspirations and desires but some of us see no hope, but rather defeat for them in this murky covenant. But if we put aside forever the Washington policy in regard to our foreign relations we must always remember that it carries with it the corollary known as the Monroe doctrine. Why We Ask: Our mission and operations are funded 100% by conservatives like you. Like Roosevelt, he initially favored a multinational peacekeeping organization, though the one they envisioned consisted of a great-power directorate keeping lesser troublemakers in line. Weeks. Of course I am sorry to have my reservations beaten, Lodge said the next day. Even at its most internationalist, Republican foreign policy in the 1920s offered weak a substitute for the American leadership on peace and collective security that Wilson had fought for. Constitution of the League of Nations, On February 28, 1919, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts began an assault on President Woodrow Wilson's proposal to establish a League of Nations that ultimately culminated in the Senate's rejection of the Treaty of Versailles. Full circle by any people for so long a time, he emerged as the powerful leader of League. Committee conduct lengthy public hearings, which offered a sounding board for critics and opponents of the treaty and League! 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