Three types of draft and pack animals were used by Oregon Trail pioneers: oxen, mules, and horses. [47] The Mormons established about 50 temporary towns including the town of Kanesville, Iowa (renamed Council Bluffs in 1852), on the east bank of the Missouri River opposite the mouth of the Platte River. Most carried steel shoes for horses, mules, or livestock. From 1812 to 1840, the British, through the HBC, had nearly complete control of the Pacific Northwest and the western half of the Oregon Trail. Only some partial written copies of the Army records and notes recorded in several diaries have survived. Mr. A. Fuller lost his wife and daughter Tabitha. In theory, the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812, restored possession of Oregon territory to the United States. It rejoined the California Trail at Cassia Creek near the City of Rocks. After 1846, the towns of Council Bluffs, Iowa, Omaha (est. Use Arrow keys to point the rifle (novice hunters) Initially, only upper class migrants typically used canned goods. He was mapping the country for possible fur trading posts. [84] Chips burned quickly, however, and it took up to three bushels of chips to heat a single meal. Traveling through this valley was no easy task. (Lewis and Clark, unaware of the pass, had crossed the divide at a more treacherous spot farther to the north.) Wash days typically occurred once or twice a month, or less, depending on availability of good grass, water, and fuel. In 1848, the Salt Lake Cutoff was established by Sam Hensley,[63] and returning members of the Mormon Battalion providing a path north of the Great Salt Lake from Salt Lake City back to the California and Oregon trails. After crossing the South Platte the trail continues up the North Platte River, crossing many small swift-flowing creeks. [citation needed]. The 120-mile (190km) long San Juan River to the Atlantic Ocean helps drain the 100-mile (160km) long Lake Nicaragua. These pack trains were then used to haul out the fur bales. [80] Two oxen were typically yoked together at the neck or head; the left ox was referred to as the "near" or "nigh" ox, and the right ox as the "off" ox. Running from 1857 to 1861, the Butterfield Stage Line won the $600,000/yr. [43] Some emigrants continued to use the trail well into the 1890s, and modern highways and railroads eventually paralleled large portions of the trail, including U.S. Highway 26, Interstate 84 in Oregon and Idaho and Interstate 80 in Nebraska. in Pacific Northwest etc", "Robert Newell and Joseph Meek reach Fort Walla Walla", "The Wagon Train of 1843: The Great Migration", "An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859", Report of Explorations across the Great Basin of the Territory of Utah, "Railroad ticket 1870 Transcontinental Railroad Statistics", "Franklin Missouri The Beginning of the Santa Fe Trail", "Chronological List of Fort Laramie History", "Lincoln County Photos II-Wyoming Tales and Trails", "An Emigrant Train from the top of Big Mountain entering the valley of the Great Salt Lake", "It's Sam Hensley-Not Hansel-Who Discovered Cutoff", The National Oregon-California Trail Center, Northern Nevada and Utah, Southern Idaho Tail Map, "The Oregon Trail - The '70s NBC Show Starring Rod Taylor Comes to DVD with Unaired Episodes", The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 18401860, WashingtonRochambeau Revolutionary Route, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregon_Trail&oldid=1148519953, National Historic Trails of the United States, Trails and roads in the American Old West, Units of the National Landscape Conservation System, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from September 2018, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 April 2023, at 17:36. WEAPONS rifle: $15. In 1836, Henry H. Spalding and Marcus Whitman traveled west to establish the Whitman Mission near modern-day Walla Walla, Washington. Choose a persona and jump right into exploring the Oregon Trail on Classic Reload! Fort Laramie was the end of most cholera outbreaks which killed thousands along the lower Platte and North Platte from 1849 to 1855. They used most of the York Express route through northern Canada. This route passed Cauldron Linn rapids, Shoshone Falls, two falls near the present city of Twin Falls, and Upper Salmon Falls on the Snake River. [8] Fort Vancouver was the main re-supply point for nearly all Oregon trail travelers until U.S. towns could be established. While there were almost no United States settlers in the future state of Washington in 1846, the United States had already demonstrated it could induce thousands of settlers to go to the Oregon Territory, and it would be only a short time before they would vastly outnumber the few hundred HBC employees and retirees living in Washington. Use of the trail declined after the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, making the trip west substantially faster, cheaper, and safer. [40] From Salt Lake City the telegraph line followed much of the Mormon/California/Oregon trails to Omaha, Nebraska. In January 1848, James Marshall found gold in the Sierra Nevada portion of the American River, sparking the California Gold Rush. In 1843, settlers of the Willamette Valley drafted the Organic Laws of Oregon organizing land claims within the Oregon Country. The ferries were free for Mormon settlers while all others were charged a toll ranging from $3 to $8. Oregon Trail Fact 16: Weapons: Weapons were essential items to take on the Oregon Trail and included hunting knives, revolvers or muskets Oregon Trail Fact 17: US-30 roughly follows the path of the Oregon Trail from Pocatello to Montpelier. Another possible route consisted of taking a ship to Mexico traversing the country and then catching another ship out of Acapulco, Mexico to California etc. The episode of Teen Titans Go! It is a Jivaro survival blowgun by House of Weapons, Inc. Provo, Utah. The trail then went to the Malheur River and then past Farewell Bend on the Snake River, up the Burnt River canyon and northwest to the Grande Ronde Valley near present-day La Grande before coming to the Blue Mountains. [108], Airborne diseases also commonly affected travelers. After crossing the Green, the main trail continued approximately southwest until the Blacks Fork of the Green River and Fort Bridger. Those on the north side of the Platte could usually wade the shallow river if they needed to visit the fort. During the busy season there were several ferry boats and steamboats available to transport travelers to the Kansas shore where they started their travels westward. Therefore, new players must try beating the game as a banker before trying it at other difficulty levels. About 60 to 80percent of the travelers were farmers and as such already owned a wagon, livestock team, and many of the necessary supplies. A significant number of travelers were suffering from scurvy by the end of their trips. From there it went southwest to Camas Prairie and ended at Old Fort Boise on the Boise River. All other trademarks, logos and brand names shown on this website other than Stated are the sole property of their respective companies and are not owned by ClassicReload.com. which stretched for about 2,000 miles (3,200 km), flourished as the main means for hundreds of [80] Others, by contrast, believed that mules were more durable, and mules may have had a lower attrition rate on the trail than oxen. In 1841, James Sinclair, on orders from Sir George Simpson, guided nearly 200 settlers from the Red River Colony (located at the junction of the Assiniboine River and Red River near present Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) into the Oregon territory. Which would you prefer? Oxen typically traveled at a steady pace up to two miles an hour. There they, and another group that had sailed there by ship, established in 1812 Fort Astoria (now Astoria, Oregon) near the mouth of the Columbia River, the first American-owned settlement on the Pacific Ocean coast and what the company hoped would be the major post from which Astor would conduct trade with China. The most popular was the Barlow Road, which was carved through the forest around Mount Hood from The Dalles in 1846 as a toll road at $5 per wagon and 10 cents per head of livestock. Mormon emigration records after 1860 are reasonably accurate, as newspaper and other accounts in Salt Lake City give most of the names of emigrants arriving each year from 1847 to 1868. These combined stage and Pony Express stations along the Oregon Trail and Central Route across Utah and Nevada were joined by the first transcontinental telegraph stations and telegraph line, which followed much the same route in 1861 from Carson City, Nevada to Salt Lake City. Two of these fords were near Fort Hall, where travelers on the Oregon Trail North Side Alternate (established about 1852) and Goodale's Cutoff (established 1862) crossed the Snake to travel on the north side. In Central Oregon, there was the Santiam Wagon Road (established 1861), which roughly parallels Oregon Highway 20 to the Willamette Valley. In addition, branches from each main trail provided connections to destinations in California, and a spur of the northerly Oregon route, part of the Oregon Trail, led to the Great Salt Lake region of what is now northern Utah. In 1806 Zebulon Montgomery Pike, after exploring the Great Plains region, had famously called the West the Great American Desert, a judgment given even wider publicity by Stephen H. Long after he led an expedition to the southern Great Plains in 181920. [69] The California Trail proceeded west down the Humboldt before reaching and crossing the Sierra Nevada. [84] Hunting provided another source of food along the trail; pioneers hunted American bison as well as pronghorn antelope, deer, bighorn sheep, and wildfowl. Women also reacted and responded, often enthusiastically, to the landscape of the West. The North West Company started establishing more forts and trading posts of its own. One branch turned almost 90 degrees and proceeded southwest to Soda Springs. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson issued the following instructions to Meriwether Lewis: "The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river, & such principal stream of it, as, by its course & communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean, whether the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado and/or other river may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent, for the purposes of commerce. The cost could be reduced to zero if you signed on as a crewman and worked as a common seaman. [71][72], Goodale's Cutoff, established in 1862 on the north side of the Snake River, formed a spur of the Oregon Trail. He explored most of Idaho and the Oregon Trail to the Columbia. Even before the famous Texas cattle drives after the Civil War, the trail was being used to drive herds of thousands of cattle, horses, sheep, and goats from the Midwest to various towns and cities along the trails. Its main advantage was that it helped spread out the traffic during peak periods, making more grass available.[68]. On the main trail about 5 miles (8.0km) west of Soda Springs Hudspeth's Cutoff (established 1849 and used mostly by California trail users) took off from the main trail heading almost due west, bypassing Fort Hall. WebThe Oregon Trail was a 2,170-mile (3,490 km) [1] eastwest, large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in WebRifles, shotguns and pisols on the road west Travel on the road west is, in the popular mind, inextricably associated with the possession of firearms. Step 1: McLoughlin would later be hailed as the Father of Oregon. From there the trail followed Big Piney Creek west before passing over the 8,800 feet (2,700m) Thompson Pass in the Wyoming Range. The trail was still in use during the Civil War, but traffic declined after 1855 when the Panama Railroad across the Isthmus of Panama was completed. The game ends when your party is eliminated or when you reach Oregon. At Fort Hall nearly all travelers were given some aid and supplies if they were available and needed. About 25 pounds of soap was recommended for a party of four, for bathing and washing clothes. They normally used the north side of the Platte Riverthe same route used 20 years later by the Mormon Trail. About 5 miles (8.0km) on they passed present-day Montpelier, Idaho, which is now the site of the National Oregon-California Trail Center. Traffic became two-directional as towns were established along the trail. The animated film Calamity, a Childhood of Martha Jane Cannary portrays the expedition of a dozen wagons to Oregon, part of which was the young Calamity Jane. [34] 1849 was the first year of large scale cholera epidemics in the United States, and thousands are thought to have died along the trail on their way to Californiamost buried in unmarked graves in Kansas and Nebraska. Rather than canned vegetables, Marcy suggested that travelers take dried vegetables, which had been used in the Crimean War and by the U.S. This established that the eastern part of most of the Oregon Trail was passable by wagons. U.S. Route 99 and Interstate 5 through Oregon roughly follow the original Applegate Trail. The Oregon Trail's nominal termination point was Oregon City, at the time the proposed capital of the Oregon Territory. [81] Some found oxen to be more durable. [80] Mules were, however, notoriously ill-tempered. [21][22] They were led initially by John Gantt, a former U.S. Army Captain and fur trader who was contracted to guide the train to Fort Hall for $1 per person. It was the opening track in his Columbia River Collection album. "[84][85], Food often took the form of crackers or hardtack; Southerners sometimes chose cornmeal or pinole rather than wheat flour. New iron shoes for horses, mules, and oxen were put on by blacksmiths found along the way. [20] The party was led by Elijah White. Civil strife in Nicaragua and a payment to Cornelius Vanderbilt of a "non-compete" payment (bribe) of $56,000 per year killed the whole project in 1855.[114]. Thomas Fitzpatrick was often hired as a guide when the fur trade dwindled in 1840. It used 1,800 head of stock, horses, and mules and 139 relay stations to ensure the stages ran day and night. Step 3: They initially started out in 1848 with trains of several thousand emigrants, which were rapidly split into smaller groups to be more easily accommodated at the limited springs and acceptable camping places on the trail. ", The ultimate competitor arrived in 1869, the first transcontinental railroad, which cut travel time to about seven days at a low fare of about $60 (economy)[115]. For their own use and to encourage California and Oregon bound travelers the Mormons improved the Mormon Trail from Fort Bridger and the Salt Lake Cutoff trail. Fort Hall was an old fur trading post located on the Snake River. Need help disabling your ad blocker? In the early 1840s thousands of American settlers arrived and soon greatly outnumbered the British settlers in Oregon. The Goodall cutoff, developed in Idaho in 1862, kept Oregon bound travelers away from much of the native trouble nearer the Snake River. 1848) is about 200 miles (320km) from the Missouri River, and the trail and its many offshoots nearly all converged close to Fort Kearny as they followed the Platte River west. The "forty-niners" often chose speed over safety and opted to use shortcuts such as the Sublette-Greenwood Cutoff in Wyoming which reduced travel time by almost seven days but spanned nearly 45 miles (72km) of desert without water, grass, or fuel for fires. [64] (Much later, US-30, using modern explosives and equipment, was built through this cut). By 1870, the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350,000 over their 1860 census levels. On May 16, 1842, the second organized wagon train set out from Elm Grove, Missouri, with more than 100 pioneers. [109] It could spread quickly in close quarters, such as the parties that traveled the trail. Ferries here transferred them across the Green River. The treaty granted the HBC navigation rights on the Columbia River for supplying their fur posts, clear titles to their trading post properties allowing them to be sold later if they wanted, and left the British with good anchorages at Vancouver and Victoria. Without the many thousands of United States settlers in Oregon and California, and thousands more on their way each year, it is highly unlikely that this would have occurred. They used pack animals for the rest of the trip to Fort Walla Walla and then floated by boat to Fort Vancouver to get supplies before returning to start their missions. [67] Hudspeth's Cutoff had five mountain ranges to cross and took about the same amount of time as the main route to Fort Hall, but many took it thinking it was shorter. The show stars Rod Taylor, Tony Becker, Darleen Carr, Charles Napier, and Ken Swofford. You will need to ration food, hunt, trade, and ford rivers while prioritizing your partys survival. Travel diminished after 1860, as the Civil War caused considerable disruptions on the trail. This established a "quick"about 100 days for 2,600 miles (4,200km) one wayto resupply its forts and fur trading centers as well as collecting the furs the posts had bought and transmitting messages between Fort Vancouver and York Factory on Hudson Bay. [53] It was the last army outpost till travelers reached the coast. The traffic in later years is undocumented. Learn about the difficult life of pioneers in the 19th century by playing The Oregon Trail. But these estimates may well be low since they only amount to an extra 125,000 people, and the 1870 census shows that over 200,000 additional people (ignoring most of the population increase in California, which had excellent sea and rail connections across Panama by then) showed up in all the states served by the Bozeman, California, Mormon, and Oregon Trails and their offshoots. Your character choice also influences the points you earn when the game ends. Mosquitoes were constant pests, and travelers often mention that their animals were covered with blood from the bites. View our guide. To disable the ad blocker, toggle the blue bar to the off position, or remove it altogether. Thousands of travelers on the combined California, Oregon, and Mormon trails succumbed to cholera between 1849 and 1855. It was used by many in 1849 and later as a winter crossing to California, despite its many disadvantages. After the Black Vermillion River the trail angles northwest to Nebraska paralleling the Little Blue River until reaching the south side of the Platte River. The road continued almost due north along the present day WyomingIdaho western border through Star Valley. I've just had 24 days of it. Many other trails followed the Oregon Trail for much of its length, including the Mormon Trail from Illinois to Utah; the California Trail to the gold fields of California; and the Bozeman Trail to Montana. The Kelton Road became important as a communication and transportation road to the Boise Basin. Good luck! One of those was the French Canadian trapper and explorer Toussaint Charbonneau. Other trails were developed that traveled further along the South Platte to avoid local Native American hot spots. Nonetheless, this famous expedition had mapped both the eastern and western river-valleys (Platte and Snake Rivers) that bookend the route of the Oregon Trail (and other emigrant trails) across the continental dividethey just had not located the South Pass or some of the interconnecting valleys later used in the high country. [88] Others would use discarded furniture, wagons, and wheels as firewood. At its pinnacle in about 1840, Fort Vancouver and its Factor (manager) watched over 34 outposts, 24 ports, 6 ships, and about 600 employees. They were looking for a safe location to spend the winter. None of these original statistical records have been foundthe Army either lost them or destroyed them. [76], The north side of the Snake had better water and grass than the south. Western scout Kit Carson is thought to have said, "The cowards never started and the weak died on the way", though the general saying was written[when?] The trail then proceeded almost due west to meet the main trail at Fort Hall; alternatively, a branch trail headed almost due south to meet the main trail near the present town of Soda Springs.[60][61]. The Platte River and the North Platte River in the future states of Nebraska and Wyoming typically had many channels and islands and were too shallow, crooked, muddy and unpredictable for travel even by canoe. Though the numbers are significant in the context of the times, far more people chose to remain at home in the 31 states. In 1859, 13,000[58] of the 19,000[59] emigrants traveling to California and Oregon used the Lander Road. Commerce with pioneers going further west helped establish these early settlements and launched local economies critical to their prosperity. Following the expiration of the act in 1854 the land was no longer free but cost $1.25 per acre ($3.09/hectare) with a limit of 320 acres (1.3km2)the same as most other unimproved government land. The army maintained fort was the first chance on the trail to buy emergency supplies, do repairs, get medical aid, or mail a letter. Several stage lines were set up carrying mail and passengers that traversed much of the route of the original Oregon Trail to Fort Bridger and from there over the Central Overland Route to California. The census numbers imply at least 200,000 emigrants (or more) used some variation of the California/Oregon/Mormon/Bozeman Trails to get to their new homes between 1860 and 1870. [77] In present-day Idaho, the state highway ID-78 roughly follows the path of the South Alternate route of the Oregon Trail. By 1825 the HBC started using two brigades, each setting out from opposite ends of the express routeone from Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River and the other from York Factory on Hudson Bayin spring and passing each other in the middle of the continent. After ferrying across the Missouri River and establishing wagon trains near what became Omaha, the Mormons followed the northern bank of the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort Laramie in present-day Wyoming. They usually traveled in small groups for mutual support and protection. Cholera was responsible for taking many lives. Many travelers would salvage discarded items, picking up essentials or leaving behind their lower quality item when a better one was found abandoned along the road. The group was the first to travel in wagons all the way to Fort Hall, where the wagons were abandoned at the urging of their guides. Goodale's Cutoff is visible at many points along US-20, US-26, and US-93 between Craters of the Moon National Monument and Carey.[73]. Families planned the trip months in advance and made much of the extra clothing and many other items needed. Every year ships would come from London to the Pacific (via Cape Horn) to drop off supplies and trade goods in its trading posts in the Pacific Northwest and pick up the accumulated furs used to pay for these supplies. These northern routes were largely abandoned after Britain ceded its claim to the southern Columbia River basin by way of the Oregon Treaty of 1846. The group set out for California, but about half the party left the original group at Soda Springs, Idaho, and proceeded to the Willamette Valley in Oregon, leaving their wagons at Fort Hall. From Fort Bridger the Mormon Trail continued southwest following the upgraded Hastings Cutoff through the Wasatch Mountains. The Platte proved to be unnavigable. In 1846, the Oregon Treaty ending the Oregon boundary dispute was signed with Britain. [citation needed]. In 1847, Brigham Young and the Mormon pioneers departed from the Oregon Trail at Fort Bridger in Wyoming and followed (and much improved) the rough trail originally recommended by Lansford Hastings to the Donner Party in 1846 through the Wasatch Mountains into Utah. Another hazard was a dress getting caught in the wheels and pulling the person under. Fort Laramie was a former fur trading outpost originally named Fort John that was purchased in 1848 by the U.S. Army to protect travelers on the trails. Anna Maria King, like many other women, also advised family and friends back home of the realities of the trip and offered advice on how to prepare for the trip. It rejoined the main trail east of Boise. After 1848, the travelers headed to California or Oregon resupplied at the Salt Lake Valley, and then went back over the Salt Lake Cutoff, rejoining the trail near the future IdahoUtah border at the City of Rocks in Idaho. Small groups for mutual support and protection 76 ], the main Trail continued southwest following the upgraded Cutoff... Treaty ending the Oregon territory to the Atlantic Ocean helps drain the 100-mile ( 160km long. Difficulty levels January 1848, James Marshall found gold in the early 1840s thousands of travelers the! Ration food, hunt, trade, and travelers often mention that their animals covered! The off position, or livestock statistical records have been foundthe Army either lost or. Pass in the wheels and pulling the person under good grass, water and... Lake Nicaragua to two miles an hour Chips burned quickly, however, oxen. That traveled the Trail followed Big Piney Creek west before passing over the 8,800 feet 2,700m! 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