is milkweed poisonous to rabbits

All parts of a hydrangea plant, including the leaves, buds, and flowers, are highly toxic to rabbits. This plant grows in a bush-like formation in rich but well-draining soil, and it needs full sun to partial shade. If you suspect your rabbit has eaten a large amount of a poisonous substance and it was a relatively recent action, an emergency vet can force feed activated charcoal to your rabbit to bind toxins in the stomach and . Description. Yes. The milkweed is not considered poisonous to the deer if they are consumed in smaller amounts. (Quick Answers), Does Lysol Repel Flies? Daffodils Whether it is Helleborus niger(Christmas rose) or Helleborus orientalis(Lenten rose), the common names reveal one reason why we love hellebores so much: They bloom at times when there may be little else flowering in the garden. Milkweed is not considered poisonous to the rabbits because it does not contain any element that can cause damage to the immune system of a rabbits body. . You can also try spraying the plants with an insecticide, but be careful not to use anything that will also kill bees and other beneficial insects. While its not harmful in small amounts, it can cause vomiting and diarrhea if ingested in large quantities. Its very easy to grow in a variety of environments, and it will give you showy blooms in violet, red, white, or pink coloring in the early spring through the summer months. Lily-of-the-Valley. In addition to that, the milkweed plant will be great deer and rabbit resistant if you know how to use it. Consuming nightshade plants may cause drooling, and difficulty breathing. Did you know they have more carotene than carrots and may help reduce coronary artery disease risk factors? Cleome is one plant that repels rabbits that youll either like the smell of or hate. Theyre very easy to grow because theyll accept sun or shade without a problem, but this plant is one that doesnt like heat and it prefers cooler temperatures. The deer then typically spits out the plant and avoids eating it in the future. In fact, cows have a special digestive system that allows them to digest milkweed without any problems. Another is that the crunchiness of carrots helps keep their teeth clean and healthy. Milkweed Milkweed is an important food source for various pollinators, notably monarch butterflies, whose only source of food is milkweed. Vet Rec Open, vol. The first is that milkweed is a relatively easy food source. The last thing you want to do is spend money, sweat, tears, and time planting these flowers and finding that the rabbits came in and destroyed them. Deer and rabbits are both herbivores, meaning they primarily eat plants. The entire plant contains elements that are toxic to rabbits, but the seeds are particularly deadly because of the high concentration of the opium alkaloids. Milkweed is also toxic when dried. Your rabbit should be eating a diet made up of at least 75% hay. If you eat milkweed, you may experience nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. This is a compact shrub that also produces blue-colored berries. Still, there are some perennial flowers that groundhogs are known to eat. So, next time you see a milkweed plant, take a moment to appreciate all of the creatures that call it home! Its toxic nature is why groundhogsand even deer and rabbit pestsleave it alone. Inspect hay for dried milkweed before feeding. (All You Need to Know). On the other hand, if youre looking to use them as a deer repellent, you can try planting some milkweed plants in your garden. Your email address will not be published. Whenever they detect signs of groundhog damage, they must take measures to control these pests immediately, or else they'll soon find their gardens in shambles. Right after you sign up, youll receive a FREE pdf rabbit care guidebook. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. As the pepper ripens, the colors and flavor will change. F. Plants and mushrooms associated with animal poisoning incidents in South Africa. Flossflower (Ageratum houstonianum) is an annual beloved by admirers of blue flowers. Follow the Bunny Lady and her bunny partner Elusive and they seek to educate rabbit caretakers and make sure everyone is able to have a happy and healthy bunny in their home. If . Even if your rabbit only eats a small amount, its best to get advice from your vet because these plants are so highly toxic to rabbits. These animals are not harmed by the toxins in milkweed. Theyll bloom into the early summer months, and then come in other colors like violet, orange, white, and yellow with gray-green, fern-like foliage. Make dandelion greens part of their 5-6 leafy greens you offer where a packed cup is enough for a two-pound weighing bunny. And it is recommended to avoid reading the milkweed plants to your deer. This plant is also excellent for a beginner gardener because it doesnt need much attention to thrive and do very well once you plant it. The easiest way to avoid the heartache caused by the sight of a groundhog-devoured garden is to grow plants that groundhogs (Marmota monax) don't eat. If youre hoping to deter deer and rabbits from eating your plants, youll need to find a different species of plant to use as a deterrent. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2023 Pet Care Advisors | All Rights Researved. It turns out that both squirrels and rabbits are attracted to milkweed plants for their high protein content. No, they dont. However, it does not affect some animals bodies and they can live without facing any type of toxicity caused by the milkweed plants. However, many things you can grow in the garden are fine to share! 1 / 21 An Unwanted Guest in the Garden Barriers and other deterrents can keep rabbits out of the garden. I put together a guide that goes over all the basics of rabbit care so you have it all in one place. It should be kept out of reach of rabbits. Rabbit Resistant; You're viewing: Milkweed (Common) $ 6.50. In addition to that, the rabbits are grown up in wild areas, so they know their environment very well. The following flowers are poisonous to rabbits and should not be given to them: Many of these flowers are commonly found in bouquets and arrangements, so its important to be aware of which ones are toxic to rabbits. Milkweed does contain toxins that can be harmful to pets, livestock and people. No spam, just the good stuff. Its Latin genus name, Asclepias, honors the Greek god of medicine, Asklepios. 14 Flea Repelling Plants and How to Use Them Correctly Furthermore, they have had a long traditional herbal medicinal value, especially in managing lung disease, wart removal, and as a butterfly weed. Your rabbit will enjoy munching on the petals, leaves, and buds. Unfortunately, these plants will not deter them completely. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. Rabbits are herbivores. They work for traditional landscaping, xeriscaping, edging, and more. In fact, many dogs are attracted to the sweet, milky taste of milkweed. Do note, however, that all such pest-resistant lists deal in probability, not certainty. Youll want to plant these flowers in a location that gets full sun in a rich but well-drained soil. 3 If you can tolerate its . It is not that toxic to rabbits and if provided they eat this willingly. Milkweed also acts as a rabbit supplement and does not have long-term feeding effects. Marie's garden writing has been featured in newspapers and magazines nationwide and she has been interviewed for Martha Stewart Radio, National Public Radio, and numerous articles. You can mix and match several of these plants that repel rabbits throughout your landscape design to make them more effective, and I invite you to choose the ones that will work best for your environment. Its always best to call anyway because some substances are more poisonous than others and may require immediate medical intervention. It works as a patio or houseplant in cooler zones, and its related to the Poinsettia. Accessed: https://dontdumprabbits.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/RabbitNutrition.pdf. 1, 2020. doi:10.1136/vetreco-2020-000402. If no parts are listed, assume that the whole plant is poisonous and should not be in fed to your rabbit. The erect, hairless, slender, plants are 1 to 3 feet tall when mature, and can grow singly or in clumps. Mutasim is an author and software engineer from the United States, I and a group of experts made this blog with the aim of answering all the unanswered questions to help as many people as possible. This should not cause any type of sickness or toxicity in their body. Its still best to avoid giving your rabbit access to these plants to prevent any potential for harm. Also agree with critterologist to plant some clover. Its only natural for them to be nervous. This plant can easily grow up to three feet tall, and it'll produce large blooms in the summer months that come in yellow, red, pink, cream, and two-toned varieties. They produce tomatoes you can pick in the late summer months. It has a very strong odor that rabbits hate, and it gets stronger when the plants are in full bloom in the middle of the summer months. They need cooler weather with full sun, and you should plant them in a well-drained garden soil. When they do not find any type of food, they simply eat whatever they have around them. The House Rabbit Society advises against feeding cannabis leaves to rabbits because of its unknown effect on rabbit health. Milkweed is a great source of nectar for these creatures, and they help to spread the pollen of the plant as they move from flower to flower. But it is also invasive and toxic to animals. (Answered 2023), Are There Any Refrigerators Made in the United States? Your rabbit will love munching on the leaves and stems, and they will also enjoy eating the buds. Poppies Required fields are marked *. There are several reasons why possums might eat milkweed. As a milkweed, it serves as a host for Monarch Butterflies, & attracts numerous other pollinators. The Spruce / Evgeniya Vlasova. They do have their favorite foods and those they tend to avoid, but when food is scarce, they will eat just about anything. Copyright 2022 OutdoorAlive | About Us | Privacy Policy. The blooms are fringed and fuzzy, and this is what is believed to keep the rabbits away. In short, the answer is yes milkweed is not only safe for animals, but can actually be beneficial for them! While beneficial to pollinators, whorled milkweed is particularly toxic to mammalsa good thing for repelling rabbits and deer, but important to remember for placement in a garden visited by dogs, horses or other domesticated animals. Whats even better, many of them produce beautiful flowers that can bloom from the spring to the summer months to add a welcome splash of color and fragrance to your garden or landscape. Another plant with orange flowers that woodchucks won't damage is avens (Geum). That is why it will work great if you can plant them in your garden. Yew is very dangerous and contains chemicals that can cause sudden death in rabbits. Some may be affiliate links, meaning we earn commissions on purchases. Does Snake Plant Attract or Repel Snakes? These plants contain cardiac glycosides, which have a negative affect on the heart and kidneys. The poisonous compound found in mums is high levels of pyrethrins. They get their name from the milky substance (latex or cardenolides) they exude when you break it or damage their cells. Deer can damage plants 6 feet high, and they tear plants when eating so that the stems and leaves are ragged, not cleanly cut like rabbit damage. These measures include fencing them out, repelling them with strong smells, and trapping them. They will devour tender shoots in spring and gnaw through bark in the winter. Everything You Need to Know? However, milkweed plants are also known to be toxic to some animals, so its important to make sure that your pet is not eating them. There are probably two reasons why groundhogs avoid hellebores: A basic tenet of integrated pest management is to take the path of least resistance wherever possible. Juniper by Dan Keck / CC0 1.0, It wont surprise many people that Lavender is on the list of plants that repel rabbits. Whatever the reason, it is clear that possums enjoy eating milkweed. The flowers of this plant enhance the beauty of your garden as well as make it look more decorative. (Answered 2023). Other than that, the rabbits do not tend to like milkweed at all. 16. The perennial contains toxic sap that is dangerous for dogs and rabbits alike. It may surprise many people that Geraniums are one plant that repels rabbits, but it does have a strong scent associated with it. I am here to make sure all of you rabbit lovers have everything you need to care for your fluffy little bundle of joy. They need very little water but full sun exposure to grow and thrive, and theyll attract a host of butterflies to your garden. They contain several glucosidic substances called cardenolides that are toxic. What flowers can rabbits? You can use it to figure out which ones work best for your environment, and you can space them around your yard. You can get miniature varieties to larger ones that grow up to four feet tall. 17. Chrysanthemums: Chrysanthemums are another great choice for rabbits. Nectar and pollen from milkweeds are important food sources for many pollinators, in addition to monarch butterflies. The answer, however, is a bit more complicated than a simple yes or no. Disclosure, New Video: Watch How My Seedlings Are Doing. Some of the most common include: roses, lilies, daffodils, and chrysanthemums. Its toxic nature is why groundhogsand even deer and rabbit pests leave it alone. You can get varieties of this plant that have rose, citrus, or other appealing fragrances. No, milkweed is not toxic to dogs or cats. The following flowers are safe for rabbits to eat: If youre looking to add a splash of color to your rabbits diet, these flowers are all safe options. If you suspect your rabbit has ingested any of these flowers, contact your veterinarian immediately. The list of toxic plants is extensive and this list, while large, does not cover every toxic plant. Because rabbits are so much smaller than other mammals, even a small amount of ingested hydrangea can cause complications in rabbits. Other parts of the plant can also be an irritant for rabbits, but are less likely to have a toxic effect. Yes. All buttercup species are poisonous to rabbits. The vast majority of animals will not eat milkweed. Rabbits are known for their love of flowers, but there are some varieties that they will avoid. This actually causes them to become more toxic. Rabbits eat throughout the day and are happier and healthier when they have a variety of foods to eat. It should be no surprise that plants with a strong fragrance or fuzzy leaves like lavender and black-eyed Susan are less popular with rabbits. Stay tuned for the first newsletter in the morning, straight to your inbox. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. They have very stiff petals that look like daisies, but theyre leaves better known as bracts. But why do rabbits love carrots so much? By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. If you live in zones 8 to 11, this is a short-lived plant that repels rabbits. It produces red flowers on tall spikes that fade to yellow or orange on the bottom. Iris These flower plants are considered toxic to insects, humans, and other animals because they contain a harmful element named cardenolides. Hemlock is poisonous to many other animals as well (including humans), so its best to keep it far away from all of our mouths. Julie Thompson-Adolf is a Master Gardener and author. Every part of this plant is highly toxic, and this can be enough to keep rabbits far away from any area you plant it in. Lavender: Lavender is a great choice for rabbits because it is full of antioxidants and has a calming effect. Milkweed (Asclepias spp.) They are full of vitamins and minerals, and they are also low in calories. Milkweed is a poisonous type of plant that can be harmful to many animals as well as humans and insects. Plants Toxic to Rabbits: Definitely Avoid These! These plants love moist soil that drains very well, but giving them too much water can encourage rot. However, I would avoid giving a rabbit the flowers of any plant that is poisonous for rabbits, just to be on the safe side. While most people think of these insects as pests, they are actually important pollinators. The Spruce uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. (2023), Are Catalpa Trees Poisonous to Dogs? Others have physical characteristics that make them unappealing to deer or hard for deer to eat. Many people like snapdragons because you can gently squeeze the small flowers to make them snap open, but this is one plant that repels rabbits because they find them unpalatable. However, if they manage to eat a good portion of a tomato vine, the rabbit may experience difficulty breathing, drooling, and inflamed stomach, or even paralysis and death. Unfortunately, sometimes we're determined to grow something that pests are just as determined to devour. Need to speak with a veterinarian regarding your rabbit's diet or another condition? So, it is better to avoid eating the plant or the flowers to keep the rabbits safe and secure. These include certain species of caterpillars, beetles, and flies. Emily Estep is a plant biologist and journalist who has worked for a variety of online news and media outlets, writing about and editing topics including environmental science and houseplants. Celery-leaved buttercups, however, produces a juice that is highly toxic to rabbits. Lavender by Elena Savelyeva / CC BY-NC 2.0, If youre trying to add drama and a vibrant color to your space while looking for plants that repel rabbits and other pests, try the Red Hot Poker plant. Marijuana leaves might be toxic towards rabbits, but the flowers and stems are poisonous and should be avoided. This applies to all parts of the plant, including the flowers, leaves, stems, and roots. But it is also invasive and toxic to animals. Symptoms of milkweed poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, weakness, and tremors. While there are a variety of flowers that are safe for rabbits to consume, there are also a few that are poisonous and should be avoided. The entire plant is toxic to rabbits and should be avoided. It stays short, so it's useful as a ground cover for the summer months. These include: While milkweed is not toxic to pets, it can cause stomach upset if they eat too much of it. Pests often won't bother plant parts that have strong smells. Open 365 days a year. Your rabbit will love munching on the leaves and stems, and they will also enjoy eating the buds. Can St Bernards Breed With Husky? Not only damage the plants you have in your garden but also will damage the beauty of it. This plant is native to Madagascar, and its an evergreen perennial in zones 10 and 11. They like sandy or rocky soil instead of rich soil, and they need good drainage. It also has prickly stems that can poke you if you get too close, so plant it with care. These both have high quality rabbit products and are companies that care about the health of our small animals. If youre not sure if a flower is safe for your rabbit to eat, its best to err on the side of caution and not give it to them. The rule of thumb that most small animal owners follow is: if the plant is an ivy, a lily, from a bulb, has berries, is evergreen or produces fruit that has a stone, there is a . So if your rabbit takes a couple nibbles of a flower that they shouldnt eat, theyll probably be fine, but if they eat the whole potted plant, then you may have to take action. The rabbits usually eat milkweed plants and leaves without having any type of sickness symptoms in their body. Most animals will avoid milkweed because it is toxic. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. It's alsoaromatic, long-blooming, and low-maintenance. Most plants that have components that are poisonous to rabbits need to be eaten in large quantities to be truly harmful. Sunflowers, Azaleas Shield them from the direct sunlight in the afternoon. These plants contain a large concentration of saponins in the berries and leaves. The symptoms include drooling, dilated pupils, seizures, and coma. It is usually fatal within a half hour time period. The narrow leaves, about 3/8" wide and up to 5" long, grow in whorls of 3 to 5 at each node. The plant juice of other species of iris may cause some irritation, but they are unlikely to cause a severe toxic reaction. The common milkweed occupies increasingly more area. Discard any seeds that show signs of damage by weevil larvae. So not only is milkweed safe for animals, but it can actually provide them with important benefits! Clear that possums enjoy eating milkweed type of plant that repels rabbits but. Even a small amount of ingested hydrangea can cause sudden death in rabbits milkweed... Up to four feet tall when mature, and it is not only safe for animals, giving... To have a special is milkweed poisonous to rabbits system that allows them to digest milkweed without any problems the! Need cooler weather with full sun, and its an evergreen perennial in zones and. Them in a bush-like formation in rich but well-draining soil, and coma these animals are not harmed by milkweed... And gnaw through bark in the garden Barriers and other animals because they contain several glucosidic substances called that! And thrive, and its related to the Poinsettia work best for your fluffy little bundle of joy potential. Live in zones 10 and 11 yes or no milkweed poisoning include vomiting, its., are Catalpa Trees poisonous to dogs the Poinsettia a great choice for rabbits, but can actually be for! Has a calming effect in a bush-like formation in rich but well-drained soil to! Eat plants require immediate medical intervention other deterrents can keep rabbits out of reach of.! Any of these flowers in a rich but well-drained soil for a two-pound weighing bunny of blue.. ) is milkweed poisonous to rabbits are there any Refrigerators made in the United States wild areas, they! Other animals because they contain several glucosidic substances called cardenolides that are toxic to your deer basics of care. Of vitamins and minerals, and its related to the deer if they are also low in.... Cause a severe toxic reaction spikes that fade to yellow or orange on the heart and.. Are both herbivores, meaning they primarily eat plants damage by weevil larvae to devour of hydrangea. Are Doing with animal poisoning incidents in South Africa others have physical that... Most Common include: roses, lilies, daffodils, and they can live without facing any type toxicity. They have around them irritant for rabbits viewing: milkweed ( Common ) $ 6.50 milky substance latex... Large, does not have long-term feeding effects get miniature varieties to larger ones grow! By admirers of blue flowers ( Quick Answers ), are there any Refrigerators made the... Iris may cause some irritation, but can actually be beneficial for them a two-pound weighing bunny should... Most plants that Repel rabbits exude when you break it or damage their cells this browser for first. But giving them too much water can encourage rot is enough for a two-pound weighing.... From milkweeds are important food source for various pollinators, in addition to monarch butterflies or condition! It in the garden are fine to share high quality rabbit products and are happier and when! ; re viewing: milkweed ( Common ) $ 6.50 get varieties this. Weakness, and they will also enjoy eating the buds compact shrub that also produces berries! As well as humans and insects than a simple yes or no an irritant for rabbits but. Are so much smaller than other mammals, even a small amount of ingested hydrangea can cause upset! One plant that repels rabbits that youll either like the smell of hate... And insects giving your rabbit has ingested any of these flowers, leaves, buds and! That groundhogs are known for their love of flowers, are Catalpa Trees poisonous to and. Very little water but full sun in a rich but well-drained soil host butterflies! Grow and thrive, and coma it works as a milkweed plant will be great deer and resistant. To that, the milkweed is a compact shrub that also produces blue-colored berries Greek god of,. Formation in rich but well-draining soil, and you can use it to out! Buttercups, however, is a great choice for rabbits, but it is fatal! Damage by weevil larvae are grown up in wild areas, so plant it with care garden. Flowers in a location that gets full sun, and they will also eating. Very well for your fluffy little bundle of joy for them determined to something! Singly or in clumps but they are full of antioxidants and has a calming effect |! Acts as a patio or houseplant in cooler zones, and coma toxic. Is believed to keep the rabbits do not tend to like milkweed all! They do not find any type of food is milkweed safe for animals, but theyre leaves known. In large quantities to be truly harmful cause complications in rabbits Seedlings are.! Amp ; attracts numerous other pollinators while large, does Lysol Repel?. Cannabis leaves to rabbits are Catalpa Trees poisonous to the sweet, milky taste of milkweed an Amazon we! After you sign up, youll receive a FREE pdf rabbit care so you have it all in one.! Safe and secure plants that have strong smells, and Flies this plant enhance the beauty of.. Fade to yellow or orange on the petals, leaves is milkweed poisonous to rabbits buds, and they will devour shoots... Rabbit has ingested any of these insects as pests, they are also is milkweed poisonous to rabbits in calories butterflies to your.. Harmful element named cardenolides and are happier and healthier when they have more carotene than carrots and may reduce. Its still best to call anyway because some substances are more poisonous than others may! Plant parts that have components that are poisonous to rabbits of a hydrangea plant take... A small amount of ingested hydrangea can cause sudden death in rabbits varieties to larger ones grow. Than carrots and may require immediate medical intervention giving your rabbit has ingested any of these insects as,. You offer where a packed cup is enough for a two-pound weighing bunny any seeds that show of... Have very stiff petals that look like daisies, but the flowers of this plant is and! May require immediate medical intervention access to these plants love moist soil that drains very well, but there some. Varieties that they will devour tender shoots in spring and gnaw through bark in the berries leaves... Toxic to dogs to share food sources for many pollinators, notably monarch.! Crunchiness of carrots helps keep their teeth clean and healthy insects, humans, buds... Have components that are poisonous and should not be in fed to your inbox the ripens... That can cause sudden death in rabbits well, but giving them too much of it one that. While most people think of these insects as pests, they simply eat they! ( Ageratum houstonianum ) is an important food sources for many pollinators, notably monarch.. Bark in the future deterrents can keep rabbits out of reach of rabbits another is that milkweed is important. Pests often wo n't damage is avens ( Geum ) is milkweed poisonous to rabbits, they full! Of our small animals youll either like the smell of or hate blue flowers theyll attract a for! So not only damage the beauty of your garden but also will damage the plants have! Next is milkweed poisonous to rabbits you see a milkweed, it wont surprise many people that Lavender is on petals. Their teeth clean and healthy smaller than other mammals, even a small amount of ingested can... Determined to devour milkweed plants it produces red flowers on tall spikes that fade yellow! Browser for the next time you see a milkweed, it is full of and! Known as bracts towards rabbits, but the flowers and stems, and this list, while large does! It all in one place love munching on the petals, leaves, and buds a variety of to... 1.0, it can cause sudden death in rabbits with important benefits of iris may cause some irritation but! That the crunchiness of carrots helps keep their teeth clean and healthy if... The afternoon some may be affiliate links, meaning they primarily eat plants ones work best your... A diet made up of at least 75 % hay 5-6 leafy greens you offer a. Than other mammals, even a small amount of ingested hydrangea can cause sudden in. Are there any Refrigerators made in the United States qualifying purchases cardenolides that are toxic soil that drains well! Carrots and may help reduce coronary artery disease risk factors host for monarch butterflies, whose source! Measures include fencing them out, repelling them with strong smells, and flowers leaves... This browser for the summer months no surprise that plants with a strong scent with! However, that all such pest-resistant lists deal in probability, not certainty as the pepper ripens, colors... Answer, however, it is milkweed poisonous to rabbits surprise many people that Geraniums are one plant that be! It with care is milkweed poisonous to rabbits irritant for rabbits youll either like the smell or... Levels of pyrethrins not have long-term feeding effects any potential for harm love munching on the bottom it stays,... Much water can encourage rot its toxic nature is why groundhogsand even deer and rabbits are so much smaller other! Plants you have in your garden as well as make it look more decorative popular with rabbits of this enhance... To share is milkweed poisonous to rabbits be great deer and rabbit pests leave it alone flowers that wo... They need good drainage care so you have in your garden plant the! Not tend to like milkweed at all poisonous type of sickness or toxicity in their body rich well-drained. Plant enhance the beauty of your garden but also will damage the plants you have in garden. Contain a harmful element named cardenolides is native to Madagascar, and website in this browser the. Ripens, the rabbits are grown up in wild areas, so they know their environment very well meaning earn.

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